Bit topology selection algorithm in design of highly accurate CMOS digital attenuator for phased array system

This paper presents a new attenuator bit topology selection algorithm for attenuator design to simultaneously achieve low amplitude and phase error with minimum insertion loss. The significance of this algorithm has been demonstrated by the design and implementation of 8-bit digital attenuator using 65 nm Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) technology in 2.8 GHz to 4.0 GHz frequency band. To meet the 8-bit attenuation and phase error resolution, new phase compensated Pi-, T- and T-bridge attenuator bit topologies are proposed in place of conventional attenuator bits from 32 dB to 0.25 dB. Performance of this attenuator has been validated with the help of exhaustive post layout parasitic simulation results. The integrated attenuator has demonstrated the highest ever reported attenuation precision at lowest root mean square (RMS) phase error and RMS amplitude error, i.e., 8-bit performance with maximum insertion loss of 5.1 dB, maxmum RMS phase error of 0.78° and maximum RMS amplitude error of 0.1 dB, input referred 1 dB compression point (IP1 dB) > +14.8 dBm, input and output matching <−12 dB, in 2.8 GHz to 4.0 GHz with 1.55 mm × 0.35 mm chip area. This significant improvement in the attenuation precision, RMS amplitude and phase error of the integrated attenuator is the result of, systematic design approach, selection of each attenuator bit architecture using the proposed attenuator bit selection algorithm and incorporation of phase compensation techniques.